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Power Query的本质——M语言。
Power Query 在Excel2010和2013中是以插件形式存在的，Excel2016中已经内置这一功能了，其可见微软对其的重视。 值得欣慰的是，PQ不仅为我们快速导入不同数据源数据提供便利，也为我们提供了一系列新的函数，PQ中的公式简称为M公式，与PowerPivot中的DAX表达式是两兄弟。
什么是M语言：用一种既定的函数公式来记录在power query中的操作。这些函数公式的集合，统称为M语言。
怎样学M语言的公式？
（）
使用M语言的注意事项：
| 函数区分大小写 |
| 数据类型很严格 |
| 没有单元格引用的概念 |
| 必选与可选参数的区分 |
This topic applies to the Power Query Formula Language which can be used with and to build queries that mashup data. See the list of .
The following tables describe the Power Query formula categories that can be used to manually create or modify queries. These formula functions can also be used in the Power BI Designer, in the Query view.
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| Represents 0/0. | |
| Represents -1/0. | |
| Represents 1/0. | |
| Returns the smallest possible number. | |
| Returns 2.7182818284590451, the value of e up to 16 decimal digits. | |
| Returns 3.1415926535897931, the value for Pi up to 16 decimal digits. |
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| Returns true if a value is Number.NaN. | |
| Returns true if a value is an even number. | |
| Returns true if a value is an odd number. |
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| Returns a number value from a text value. | |
| Returns a text value from a number value. | |
| Returns a number value from a value. | |
| Returns a 8-bit integer number value from the given value. | |
| Returns a signed 8-bit integer number value from the given value. | |
| Returns a 16-bit integer number value from the given value. | |
| Returns a 32-bit integer number value from the given value. | |
| Returns a 64-bit integer number value from the given value. | |
| Returns a Single number value from the given value. | |
| Returns a Double number value from the given value. | |
| Returns a decimal number value from the given value. | |
| Returns a currency value from the given value. | |
| Returns a percentage value from the given value. |
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| Returns the largest integer less than or equal to a number value. | |
| Returns the larger integer greater than or equal to a number value. | |
| Returns Number.RoundDown(x) when x >= 0 and Number.RoundUp(x) when x < 0. | |
| Returns Number.RoundUp(value) when value >= 0 and Number.RoundDown(value) when value < 0. | |
| Returns a nullable number (n) if value is an integer. |
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| Returns the absolute value of a number. | |
| Returns 1 for positive numbers, -1 for negative numbers or 0 for zero. | |
| Divides two numbers and returns the whole part of the resulting number. | |
| Divides two numbers and returns the remainder of the resulting number. | |
| Returns a number raised by a power. | |
| Returns the square root of a number. | |
| Returns a number representing e raised to a power. | |
| Returns the natural logarithm of a number. | |
| Returns the logarithm of a number to the base. | |
| Returns the base-10 logarithm of a number. | |
| Returns the factorial of a number. | |
| Returns the number of combinations of a given number of items for the optional combination size. | |
| Returns the number of total permutatons of a given number of items for the optional permutation size. |
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| Returns a random fractional number between 0 and 1. | |
| Returns a random number between the two given number values. |
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| Returns the arccosine of a number. | |
| Returns the arcsine of a number. | |
| Returns the arctangent of a number. | |
| Returns the arctangent of the division of two numbers. | |
| Returns the cosine of a number. | |
| Returns the hyperbolic cosine of a number. | |
| Returns the sine of a number. | |
| Returns the hyperbolic sine of a number. | |
| Returns the tangent of a number. | |
| Returns the hyperbolic tangent of a number. |
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| Returns the result of a bitwise AND operation on the provided operands. | |
| Returns the result of a bitwise NOT operation on the provided operands. | |
| Returns the result of a bitwise OR operation on the provided operands. | |
| Returns the result of a bitwise shift left operation on the operands. | |
| Returns the result of a bitwise shift right operation on the operands. | |
| Returns the result of a bitwise XOR operation on the provided operands. |
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| Returns the number of characters in a text value. |
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| Returns a number to its character value. | |
| Returns a character to its number value. | |
| Returns the text representation of a number, date, time, datetime, datetimezone, logical, duration or binary value. If a value is null, Text.From returns null. The optional culture parameter is used to format the text value according to the given culture. | |
| Decodes data from a binary value in to a text value using an encoding. | |
| Returns a Guid value as a text value. | |
| Encodes a text value into binary value using an encoding. | |
| Returns a list of characters from a text value. | |
| Decodes a value from a textual representation, value, and interprets it as a value with an appropriate type. Value.FromText takes a text value and returns a number, a logical value, a null value, a DateTime value, a Duration value, or a text value. The empty text value is interpreted as a null value. |
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| Returns a character starting at a zero-based offset. | |
| Returns a number of characters from a text value starting at a zero-based offset and for count number of characters. | |
| Returns the count of characters from the start of a text value. |
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| Returns the number of characters from the end of a text value. |
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| Returns a text value with newValue inserted into a text value starting at a zero-based offset. | |
| Removes all occurrences of a character or list of characters from a text value. The removeChars parameter can be a character value or a list of character values. | |
| Removes count characters at a zero-based offset from a text value. | |
| Replaces all occurrences of a substring with a new text value. | |
| Replaces length characters in a text value starting at a zero-based offset with the new text value. |
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| Returns true if a text value substring was found within a text value string; otherwise, false. | |
| Returns a logical value indicating whether a text value substring was found at the end of a string. | |
| Returns the first occurrence of substring in a string and returns its position starting at startOffset. | |
| Returns the first occurrence of a text value in list and returns its position starting at startOffset. | |
| Returns a logical value indicating whether a text value substring was found at the beginning of a string. |
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| Returns the original text value with non-printable characters removed. | |
| Returns a text value that is the result of joining all text values with each value separated by a separator. | |
| Returns the lowercase of a text value. | |
| Returns a text value padded at the end with pad to make it at least length characters. | |
| Returns a text value padded at the beginning with pad to make it at least length characters. If pad is not specified, whitespace is used as pad. | |
| Returns a text value with first letters of all words converted to uppercase. | |
| Returns a text value composed of the input text value repeated a number of times. | |
| Returns a list containing parts of a text value that are delimited by a separator text value. | |
| Returns a list containing parts of a text value that are delimited by any separator text values. | |
| Removes any occurrences of characters in trimChars from text. | |
| Removes any occurrences of the characters specified in trimChars from the end of the original text value. | |
| Removes any occurrences of the characters in trimChars from the start of the original text value. | |
| Returns the uppercase of a text value. |
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| Returns a logical value from a value. | |
| Returns a logical value of true or false from a text value. | |
| Returns a text value from a logical value. |
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| Returns a Date/DateTime/DateTimeZone value with the day portion incremented by the number of days provided. It also handles incrementing the month and year potions of the value as appropriate. | |
| Returns a DateTime value with the month portion incremented by n months. | |
| Returns a Date/DateTime/DateTimeZone value incremented by the number of quarters provided. Each quarter is defined as a duration of three months. It also handles incrementing the year potion of the value as appropriate. | |
| Returns a Date/DateTime/DateTimeZone value incremented by the number of weeks provided. Each week is defined as a duration of seven days. It also handles incrementing the month and year potions of the value as appropriate. | |
| Returns a DateTime value with the year portion incremented by n years. | |
| Returns the day for a DateTime value. | |
| Returns a number between 0 and 6 representing the day of the week from a DateTime value. | |
| Returns a number that represents the day of the year from a DateTime value. | |
| Returns the number of days in the month from a DateTime value. | |
| Returns a DateTime value for the end of the day. | |
| Returns a DateTime value for the end of the month. | |
| Returns a Date/DateTime/DateTimeZone value representing the end of the quarter. The date and time portions are reset to their terminating values for the quarter. The timezone information is persisted. | |
| Returns a DateTime value for the end of the week. | |
| Returns a DateTime value for the end of the year. | |
| Returns a date value from a value. | |
| Returns a Date value from a set of date formats and culture value. | |
| Returns a logical value indicating whether the given Date/DateTime/DateTimeZone occurred during the current month, as determined by the current date and time on the system. | |
| Returns a logical value indicating whether the given Date/DateTime/DateTimeZone occurred during the current quarter, as determined by the current date and time on the system. | |
| Returns a logical value indicating whether the given Date/DateTime/DateTimeZone occurred during the current week, as determined by the current date and time on the system. | |
| Returns a logical value indicating whether the given Date/DateTime/DateTimeZone occurred during the current year, as determined by the current date and time on the system. | |
| Returns a logical value indicating whether the given Date/DateTime/DateTimeZone occurred during the next month, as determined by the current date and time on the system. | |
| Returns a logical value indicating whether the given Date/DateTime/DateTimeZone occurred during the next quarter, as determined by the current date and time on the system. | |
| Returns a logical value indicating whether the given Date/DateTime/DateTimeZone occurred during the next week, as determined by the current date and time on the system. | |
| Returns a logical value indicating whether the given Date/DateTime/DateTimeZone occurred during the next year, as determined by the current date and time on the system. | |
| Returns a logical value indicating whether the given Date/DateTime/DateTimeZone occurred during the previous month, as determined by the current date and time on the system. | |
| Returns a logical value indicating whether the given Date/DateTime/DateTimeZone occurred during the previous quarter, as determined by the current date and time on the system. | |
| Returns a logical value indicating whether the given Date/DateTime/DateTimeZone occurred during the previous week, as determined by the current date and time on the system. | |
| Returns a logical value indicating whether the given Date/DateTime/DateTimeZone occurred during the previous year, as determined by the current date and time on the system. | |
| Returns a logical value indicating whether the given Date/DateTime/DateTimeZone occurred in the period starting January 1st of the current year and ending on the current day, as determined by the current date and time on the system. | |
| Returns a logical value indicating whether the year portion of a DateTime value is a leap year. | |
| Returns the month from a DateTime value. | |
| Returns a number between 1 and 4 for the quarter of the year from a DateTime value. | |
| Returns a DateTime value for the start of the day. | |
| Returns a DateTime value representing the start of the month. | |
| Returns a DateTime value representing the start of the quarter. | |
| Returns a DateTime value representing the start of the week. | |
| Returns a DateTime value representing the start of the year. | |
| Returns a record containing parts of a Date value. | |
| Returns a text value from a Date value. | |
| Returns a number for the count of week in the current month. | |
| Returns a number for the count of week in the current year. | |
| Returns the year from a DateTime value. | |
| Creates a date value from year, month, and day. |
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| Returns a DateTime value from the end of the hour. | |
| Returns a time value from a value. | |
| Returns a Time value from a set of date formats. | |
| Returns an hour value from a DateTime value. | |
| Returns a minute value from a DateTime value. | |
| Returns a second value from a DateTime value | |
| Returns the first value of the hour from a time value. | |
| Returns a record containing parts of a Date value. | |
| Returns a text value from a Time value. |
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| Adds the timezonehours as an offset to the input datetime value and returns a new datetimezone value. | |
| Returns a date part from a DateTime value | |
| Returns a DateTime value set to the current date and time on the system. | |
| Returns a datetime value from a value. | |
| Returns a DateTime value from the supplied number. | |
| Returns a DateTime value from a set of date formats and culture value. | |
| Returns a datetime value set to the current date and time on the system. | |
| Returns a time part from a DateTime value. | |
| Returns a record containing parts of a DateTime value. | |
| Returns a text value from a DateTime value. |
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| Returns a DateTimeZone value set to the current date, time, and timezone offset on the system. | |
| Returns the current date and time in UTC (the GMT timezone). | |
| Returns a datetimezone value from a value. | |
| Returns a DateTimeZone from a number value. | |
| Returns a DateTimeZone value from a set of date formats and culture value. | |
| Returns a DateTime value set to the current system date and time. | |
| Returns a datetime value with the zone information removed from the input datetimezone value. | |
| Changes the timezone information for the input DateTimeZone. | |
| Returns a DateTime value from the local time zone. | |
| Returns a record containing parts of a DateTime value. | |
| Returns a text value from a DateTime value. | |
| Returns a DateTime value to the Utc time zone. | |
| Returns a DateTime value set to the current system date and time in the Utc timezone. | |
| Returns a time zone hour value from a DateTime value. | |
| DateTimeZone.ZoneMinutes | Returns a time zone minute value from a DateTime value. |
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| Returns the day component of a Duration value. | |
| Returns a duration value from a value. | |
| Returns a Duration value from a text value. | |
| Returns an hour component of a Duration value. | |
| Returns a minute component of a Duration value. | |
| Returns a second component of a Duration value. | |
| Returns a record with parts of a Duration value. | |
| Returns the total magnitude of days from a Duration value. | |
| Returns the total magnitude of hours from a Duration value. | |
| Returns the total magnitude of minutes from a Duration value. | |
| Returns the total magnitude of seconds from a duration value. | |
| Returns a text value from a Duration value. |
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| Returns the number of fields in a record. | |
| Returns true if the field name or field names are present in a record. |
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| Adds a field from a field name and value. | |
| Combines the records in a list. | |
| Transforms fields by applying transformOperations. For more more information about values supported by transformOperations, see Parameter Values. | |
| Returns a new record that reorders the given fields with respect to each other. Any fields not specified remain in their original locations. | |
| Returns a new record that reorders fields relative to each other. Any fields not specified remain in their original locations. Requires two or more fields. | |
| Returns a new record that renames the fields specified. The resultant fields will retain their original order. This function supports swapping and chaining field names. However, all target names plus remaining field names must constitute a unique set or an error will occur. |
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| Returns the value of the given field. This function can be used to dynamically create field lookup syntax for a given record. In that way it is a dynamic verison of the record[field] syntax. | |
| Returns a list of field values in order of the record's fields. | |
| Returns a list of field names in order of the record's fields. | |
| Returns the value of a field from a record, or the default value if the field does not exist. | |
| Returns a new record that contains the fields selected from the input record. The original order of the fields is maintained. |
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| Returns a table of records containing field names and values from an input record. | |
| Returns a record from a table of records containing field names and values. | |
| Returns a record from a list of field values and a set of field names. |
The following type definitions are used to describe the parameter values that are referenced in Record functions above.
| MissingField option | MissingField.Error = 0 MissingField.Ignore = 1 MissingField.UseNull = 2 |
| Transform operations | Transform operations can be specified by either of the following values: A list value of two items, first item being the field name and the second item being the transformation function applied to that field to produce a new value. A list of transformations can be provided by providing a list value, and each item being the list value of 2 items as described above. For examples, see description of |
| Rename operations | Rename operations for a record can be specified as either of: A single rename operation, which is represented by a list of two field names, old and new. For examples, see description of . |
These functions deal with list of values.
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| Returns the number of items in a list. | |
| Returns the number of items in a list excluding null values | |
| Returns whether a list is empty. |
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| Returns a list with the items alternated from the original list based on a count, optional repeatInterval, and an optional offset. | |
| Filters a list down by removing duplicates. An optional equation criteria value can be specified to control equality comparison. The first value from each equality group is chosen. | |
| Returns whether a list is distinct. | |
| Selects the items that match a condition. | |
| Returns the first value of the list or the specified default if empty. Returns the first item in the list, or the optional default value, if the list is empty. If the list is empty and a default value is not specified, the function returns. | |
| Returns the first set of items in the list by specifying how many items to return or a qualifying condition provided bycountOrCondition. | |
| Inserts items from values at the given index in the input list. | |
| Returns the last set of items in the list by specifying how many items to return or a qualifying condition provided bycountOrCondition. | |
| Returns the last set of items in a list by specifying how many items to return or a qualifying condition. | |
| Returns true if all items in a list meet a condition. | |
| Returns true if any item in a list meets a condition. | |
| Returns a list of positions for an input list. | |
| Returns a count items starting at an offset. | |
| Returns the single item of the list or throws an Expression.Error if the list has more than one item. | |
| Returns a single item from a list. | |
| Skips the first item of the list. Given an empty list, it returns an empty list. This function takes an optional parameter countOrCondition to support skipping multiple values. | |
| Buffers the list in memory. The result of this call is a stable list, which means it will have a determinimic count, and order of items. | |
| Searches a list of values, including record fields, for a text value. |
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| Accumulates a result from the list. Starting from the initial value seed this function applies the accumulator function and returns the final result. | |
| Merges a list of lists into single list. | |
| Performs the function on each item in the list and returns the new list. | |
| Returns a list whose elements are projected from the input list. | |
| Returns a list that repeats the contents of an input list count times. | |
| Returns a list that replaces count values in a list with a replaceWith list starting at an index. | |
| Returns a list that removes count items starting at offset. The default count is 1. | |
| Returns a list with the specified number of elements removed from the list starting at the first element. The number of elements removed depends on the optional countOrCondition parameter. | |
| Returns a list with the specified number of elements removed from the list starting at the last element. The number of elements removed depends on the optional countOrCondition parameter. | |
| Returns a list that reverses the items in a list. | |
| Removes all occurrences of the given values in the list. | |
| Removes items from list1 that are present in list2, and returns a new list. | |
| Removes null values from a list. | |
| Replaces occurrences of existing values in the list with new values using the provided equationCriteria. Old and new values are provided by the replacements parameters. An optional equation criteria value can be specified to control equality comparisons. For details of replacement operations and equation criteria, see Parameter Values. | |
| Searches a list of values for the value and replaces each occurrence with the replacement value. |
Since all values can be tested for equality, these functions can operate over heterogeneous lists.
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| Returns true if a value is found in a list. | |
| Returns true if all items in values are found in a list. | |
| Returns true if any item in values is found in a list. | |
| Finds the first occurrence of a value in a list and returns its position. | |
| Finds the first occurrence of any value in values and returns its position. | |
| Returns true if any expression in a list in true | |
| Returns true if all expressions in a list are true |
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| Returns the items in list 1 that do not appear in list 2. Duplicate values are supported. | |
| Returns a list from a list of lists and intersects common items in individual lists. Duplicate values are supported. | |
| Returns a list from a list of lists and unions the items in the individual lists. The returned list contains all items in any input lists. Duplicate values are matched as part of the Union. |
Ordering functions perform comparisons. All values that are compared must be comparable with each other. This means they must all come from the same datatype (or include null, which always compares smallest). Otherwise, an Expression.Error is thrown.
Comparable data types
Number Duration DateTime Text Logical Null
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| Returns a sorted list using comparison criterion. | |
| Returns the maximum item in a list, or the optional default value if the list is empty. | |
| Returns the maximum values in the list. After the rows are sorted, optional parameters may be specified to further filter the result | |
| Returns the minimum item in a list, or the optional default value if the list is empty. | |
| Returns the minimum values in a list. | |
| Returns the median item from a list. |
These functions operate over homogeneous lists of Numbers, DateTimes, and Durations.
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| Returns an average value from a list in the datatype of the values in the list. | |
| Returns the standard deviation from a list of values. List.StandardDeviation performs a sample based estimate. The result is a number for numbers, and a duration for DateTimes and Durations. | |
| Returns an item that appears most commonly in a list. | |
| Returns all items that appear with the same maximum frequency. |
These functions work over homogeneous lists of Numbers or Durations.
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| Returns the sum from a list. |
These functions only work over numbers.
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| Returns the covariance from two lists as a number. | |
| Returns the product from a list of numbers. |
These functions generate list of values.
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| Returns a list of datetime values from size count, starting at start and adds an increment to every value. | |
| Returns a list of date values from size count, starting at start and adds an increment to every value. | |
| Returns a list of of datetimezone values from size count, starting at start and adds an increment to every value. | |
| Returns a list of durations values from size count, starting at start and adds an increment to every value. | |
| Generates a list from a value function, a condition function, a next function, and an optional transformation function on the values. | |
| Returns a list of numbers from size count starting at initial, and adds an increment. The increment defaults to 1. | |
| Returns a list of count random numbers, with an optional seed parameter. |
Occurrence.First = 0 Occurrence.Last = 1 Occurrence.All = 2
Order.Ascending = 0 Order.Descending = 1
Equation criteria for list values can be specified as either a
A function value that is either
A key selector that determines the value in the list to apply the equality criteria, or
A comparer function that is used to specify the kind of comparison to apply. Built in comparer functions can be specified, see section for Comparer functions.
A list value which has
Exactly two items
The first element is the key selector as specified above
The second element is a comparer as specified above.
For more information and examples, see .
Comparison criterion can be provided as either of the following values:
A number value to specify a sort order. For more information, see sort order in Parameter values.
To compute a key to be used for sorting, a function of 1 argument can be used.
To both select a key and control order, comparison criterion can be a list containing the key and order.
To completely control the comparison, a function of 2 arguments can be used that returns -1, 0, or 1 given the relationship between the left and right inputs. Value.Compare is a method that can be used to delegate this logic.
For more information and examples, see .
Replacement operations are specified by a list value, each item of this list must be
A list value of exactly two items
Fist item is the old value in the list, to be replaced
Second item is the new which should replace all occurrences of the old value in the list
These functions deal with Table values.
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| Creates a table from the list where each element of the list is a list that contains the column values for a single row. | |
| Converts a list into a table by applying the specified splitting function to each item in the list. | |
| Returns a table from a list containing nested lists with the column names and values. | |
| Returns a table from a list of records. | |
| Returns a table with a column containing the provided value or list of values. |
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| Returns a list of nested lists each representing a column of values in the input table. | |
| Returns a table into a list by applying the specified combining function to each row of values in a table. | |
| Returns a list of records from an input table. | |
| Returns a nested list of row values from an input table. |
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| Returns true if the table does not contain any rows. | |
| Returns the number of rows in a table. | |
| Returns the number of columns in a table. | |
| Returns information about how a table is partitioned. | |
| Returns the relationships among a set of tables. |
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| Returns a table containing an alternating pattern of the rows from a table. | |
| Returns a table that is the result of merging a list of tables. The tables must all have the same row type structure. | |
| Returns the first row(s) of a table, depending on the countOrCondition parameter. | |
| Returns the first row from a table. | |
| Returns a table with the list of rows inserted into the table at an index. Each row to insert must match the row type of the table.. | |
| Returns the last row(s) from a table, depending on the countOrCondition parameter. | |
| Returns the last row of a table. | |
| Returns true if all of the rows in a table meet a condition. | |
| Returns true if any of the rows in a table meet a condition. | |
| Partitions the table into a list of groups number of tables, based on the value of the column of each row and a hash function. The hash function is applied to the value of the column of a row to obtain a hash value for the row. The hash value modulo groups determines in which of the returned tables the row will be placed. | |
| Returns a table that is the result of combining a set of partitioned tables into new columns. The type of the column can optionally be specified, the default is any. | |
| Returns the specified number of rows from a table starting at an offset. | |
| Returns a table with the specified number of rows removed from the table starting at an offset. | |
| Returns a table with the specified number of rows removed from the table starting at the first row. The number of rows removed depends on the optional countOrCondition parameter. | |
| Returns a table with the specified number of rows removed from the table starting at the last row. The number of rows removed depends on the optional countOrCondition parameter. | |
| Returns a table with all rows removed from the table that contain an error in at least one of the cells in a row. | |
| Returns a table containing the rows of the table repeated the count number of times. | |
| Returns a table where the rows beginning at an offset and continuing for count are replaced with the provided rows. | |
| Returns a table with the rows in reverse order. | |
| Returns a table containing only the rows that match a condition. | |
| Returns a table with only the rows from table that contain an error in at least one of the cells in a row. | |
| Returns a single row from a table. | |
| Returns a table that does not contain the first row or rows of the table. | |
| Returns a table containing only the rows that have the specified text within one of their cells or any part thereof. |
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| Returns the values from a column in a table. | |
| Returns the names of columns from a table. | |
| Returns a list with the names of the columns that match the specified types. | |
| Returns true if a table has the specified column or columns. | |
| Returns a table where the columns have all been prefixed with a text value. | |
| Promotes the first row of the table into its header or column names. | |
| Demotes the header row down into the first row of a table. | |
| Returns a table without a specific column or columns. | |
| Returns a table with specific columns in an order relative to one another. | |
| Returns a table with the columns renamed as specified. | |
| Returns a table that contains only specific columns. | |
| Given a table and attribute column containing pivotValues, creates new columns for each of the pivot values and assigns them values from the valueColumn. An optional aggregationFunction can be provided to handle multiple occurrence of the same key value in the attribute column. | |
| Given a list of table columns, transforms those columns into attribute-value pairs. | |
| Translates all columns other than a specified set into attribute-value pairs, combined with the rest of the values in each row. |
Parameters for Group options
GroupKind.Global = 0 GroupKind.Local = 1
Parameters for Join kinds
JoinKind.Inner = 0 JoinKind.LeftOuter = 1 JoinKind.RightOuter = 2 JoinKind.FullOuter = 3 JoinKind.LeftAnti = 4 JoinKind.RightAnti = 5
Join Algorithm
The following JoinAlgorithm values can be specified to Table.Join
JoinAlgorithm.Dynamic = 0 JoinAlgorithm.PairwiseHash = 1 JoinAlgorithm.SortMerge = 2 JoinAlgorithm.LeftHash = 3 JoinAlgorithm.RightHash = 4 JoinAlgorithm.LeftIndex = 5 JoinAlgorithm.RightIndex = 6
Example data
The following tables are used by the examples in this section.
Customers table
Customers = Table.FromRecords({ [CustomerID = 1, Name = "Bob", Phone = "123-4567"], [CustomerID = 2, Name = "Jim", Phone = "987-6543"], [CustomerID = 3, Name = "Paul", Phone = "543-7890"], [CustomerID = 4, Name = "Ringo", Phone = "232-1550"] } Orders table
Orders = Table.FromRecords({ [OrderID = 1, CustomerID = 1, Item = "Fishing rod", Price = 100.0], [OrderID = 2, CustomerID = 1, Item = "1 lb. worms", Price = 5.0], [OrderID = 3, CustomerID = 2, Item = "Fishing net", Price = 25.0], [OrderID = 4, CustomerID = 3, Item = "Fish tazer", Price = 200.0], [OrderID = 5, CustomerID = 3, Item = "Bandaids", Price = 2.0], [OrderID = 6, CustomerID = 1, Item = "Tackle box", Price = 20.0], [OrderID = 7, CustomerID = 5, Item = "Bait", Price = 3.25], [OrderID = 8, CustomerID = 5, Item = "Fishing Rod", Price = 100.0], [OrderID = 9, CustomerID = 6, Item = "Bait", Price = 3.25] }) | Function | Description |
|---|---|
| Adds a column named newColumnName to a table. | |
| Returns a table with a new column with a specific name that, for each row, contains an index of the row in the table. | |
| Performs a nested join between table1 and table2 from specific columns and produces the join result as a newColumnName column for each row of table1. | |
| Add a key to table. | |
| Aggregates tables nested in a specific column into multiple columns containing aggregate values for those tables. | |
| Given a column of lists in a table, create a copy of a row for each value in its list. | |
| Expands a column of records into columns with each of the values. | |
| Expands a column of records or a column of tables into multiple columns in the containing table. | |
| Replaces null values in the specified column or columns of the table with the most recent non-null value in the column. | |
| Returns a table from the table specified where the value of the next cell is propagated to the null values cells above in the column specified. | |
| Groups table rows by the values of key columns for each row. | |
| Joins the rows of table1 with the rows of table2 based on the equality of the values of the key columns selected by table1, key1 and table2, key2. | |
| Joins the rows of the tables based on the equality of the keys. The results are entered into a new column. | |
| Returns a list of key column names from a table. | |
| Returns a new table with new key information set in the keys argument. | |
| Table.CombineColumns merges columns using a combiner function to produce a new column. Table.CombineColumns is the inverse of Table.SplitColumns. | |
| Returns a new set of columns from a single column applying a splitter function to each value. | |
| Transforms columns from a table using a function. | |
| Transforms the column types from a table using a type. | |
| Transforms the rows from a table using a transform function. | |
| Returns a table with columns converted to rows and rows converted to columns from the input table. | |
| Replaces oldValue with newValue in specific columns of a table, using the provided replacer function, such as text.Replace or Value.Replace. | |
| Replaces the error values in the specified columns with the corresponding specified value. |
Parameters for membership checks
Occurrence specification
Occurrence.First = 0 Occurrence.Last = 1 Occurrence.All = 2
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| Determines whether the a record appears as a row in the table. | |
| Determines whether all of the specified records appear as rows in the table. | |
| Determines whether any of the specified records appear as rows in the table. | |
| Removes duplicate rows from a table, ensuring that all remaining rows are distinct. | |
| Determines whether a table contains only distinct rows. | |
| Determines the position or positions of a row within a table. | |
| Determines the position or positions of any of the specified rows within the table. | |
| Removes all occurrences of rows from a table. | |
| Replaces specific rows from a table with the new rows. |
Example data
The following tables are used by the examples in this section.
Employees table
Employees = Table.FromRecords( {[Name="Bill", Level=7, Salary=100000], [Name="Barb", Level=8, Salary=150000], [Name="Andrew", Level=6, Salary=85000], [Name="Nikki", Level=5, Salary=75000], [Name="Margo", Level=3, Salary=45000], [Name="Jeff", Level=10, Salary=200000]}, type table [ Name = text, Level = number, Salary = number ]) | Function | Description |
|---|---|
| Returns the largest N rows from a table. After the rows are sorted, the countOrCondition parameter must be specified to further filter the result. | |
| Returns the largest row or rows from a table using a comparisonCriteria. | |
| Returns the smallest N rows in the given table. After the rows are sorted, the countOrCondition parameter must be specified to further filter the result. | |
| Returns the smallest row or rows from a table using a comparisonCriteria. | |
| Sorts the rows in a table using a comparisonCriteria or a default ordering if one is not specified. |
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| Buffers a table into memory, isolating it from external changes during evaluation. |
This parameter is a list of text values specifying the column names of the resulting table. This parameter is generally used in the Table construction functions, such as Table.FromRows and Table.FromList.
Comparison criterion can be provided as either of the following values:
A number value to specify a sort order. See sort order in the parameter values section above.
To compute a key to be used for sorting, a function of 1 argument can be used.
To both select a key and control order, comparison criterion can be a list containing the key and order.
To completely control the comparison, a function of 2 arguments can be used that returns -1, 0, or 1 given the relationship between the left and right inputs. Value.Compare is a method that can be used to delegate this logic.
For examples, see description of .
This criteria is generally used in ordering or row operations. It determines the number of rows returned in the table and can take two forms, a number or a condition:
A number indicates how many values to return inline with the appropriate function
If a condition is specified, the rows containing values that initially meet the condition is returned. Once a value fails the condition, no further values are considered.
See or .
This is used to indicate how the function should handle extra values in a row. This parameter is specified as a number, which maps to the options below.
ExtraValues.List = 0 ExtraValues.Error = 1 ExtraValues.Ignore = 2
For more information, see .
This is used to indicate how the function should handle missing columns. This parameter is specified as a number, which maps to the options below.
MissingField.Error = 0; MissingField.Ignore = 1; MissingField.UseNull = 2;
This is used in column or transformation operations. For Examples, see .
This is used to indicate how the results should be sorted. This parameter is specified as a number, which maps to the options below.
Order.Ascending = 0 Order.Descending = 1
Equation criteria for tables can be specified as either a
A function value that is either
A key selector that determines the column in the table to apply the equality criteria, or
A comparer function that is used to specify the kind of comparison to apply. Built in comparer functions can be specified, see section for Comparer functions.
A list of the columns in the table to apply the equality criteria
For examples, look at description for .
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| Returns 1, 0, or -1 based on value1 being greater than, equal to, or less than the value2. An optional comparer function can be provided. | |
| Returns whether two values are equal. | |
| Returns a logical value or null based on two values . |
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| Value.As is the function corresponding to the as operator in the formula language. The expression value as type asserts that the value of a value argument is compatible with type as per the is operator. If it is not compatible, an error is raised. | |
| Value.Is is the function corresponding to the is operator in the formula language. The expression value is type returns true if the ascribed type of vlaue is compatible with type, and returns false if the ascribed type of value is incompatible with type. | |
| A value may be ascribed a type using Value.ReplaceType. Value.ReplaceType either returns a new value with the type ascribed or raises an error if the new type is incompatible with the value’s native primitive type. In particular, the function raises an error when an attempt is made to ascribe an abstract type, such as any. When replacing a the type of a record, the new type must have the same number of fields, and the new fields replace the old fields by ordinal position, not by name. Similarly, when replacing the type of a table, the new type must have the same number of columns, and the new columns replace the old columns by ordinal position. | |
| The ascribed type of a value may be obtained using Value.Type. |
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| Returns a record containing the input’s metadata. | |
| Removes the metadata on the value and returns the original value. | |
| Replaces the metadata on a value with the new metadata record provided and returns the original value with the new metadata attached. |
The following deals with external data.
Return values
Functions in this section access data and return table values. Most of these functions return a table value that is called a navigation table. Anavigation table is a two column table. The first column contains the name of an item and the corresponding second column contains the value of that item. This shape is primarily used by the Power Query user interface to provide navigation experience over the potentially large hierarchical data returned.
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| Returns a structural representation of an Microsoft Access database. The database argument is The return value is a record, where each field represents a table in the Access database. | |
| Returns a table with Domain information available in the current domain or optional Active Directory forest. | |
| Returns the schema collection for an ADO.NET data source. | |
| Returns the result of running a native query on an ADO.NET data source. | |
| Returns a table of multidimensional cubes or tabular models from the Analysis Services database. | |
| Returns the Analysis Services databases on a particular host. | |
| Returns a navigational table containing all containers found in the Azure Storage account. Each row has the container name and a link to the container blobs. | |
| Returns a navigational table containing a row for each table found at the account URL from an Azure storage vault. Each row contains a link to the azure table. | |
| Returns the contents of a CSV document as a table using the specified encoding. | |
| Returns a table with data relating to the tables in the specified DB2 Database. | |
| Returns a table representing sheets in the given excel workbook. | |
| Returns the tables in the current Excel workbook | |
| Returns a table of contents from a Microsoft Exchange account. | |
| Returns a table containing content from the Facebook graph . | |
| Returns the binary contents of the file located at a path. | |
| Returns a table containing the properties and contents of the files and folders found at path. | |
| Returns a table containing a row for each file found at a folder path, and subfolders. Each row contains properties of the folder or file and a link to its content. | |
| Returns the Google Analytics accounts for the current credential. | |
| Returns a table containing a row for each folder and file found at the folder url, {0}, from a Hadoop file system. Each row contains properties of the folder or file and a link to its content. | |
| Returns a table containing a row for each file found at the folder url, {0}, and subfolders from a Hadoop file system. Each row contains properties of the file and a link to its content. | |
| Returns a navigational table containing all containers found in the HDInsight account. Each row has the container name and table containing its files. | |
| Returns a navigational table containing all containers found in the HDInsight account. Each row has the container name and table containing its files. | |
| Returns a table containing a row for each folder and file found at the container URL, and subfolders from an HDInsight account. Each row contains properties of the file/folder and a link to its content. | |
Returns a table of SQL tables and views available in an Informix database on server server in the database instance named database. | |
| Returns the contents of a JSON document. The contents may be directly passed to the function as text, or it may be the binary value returned by a function like File.Contents. | |
| Returns feeds offered by the Microsoft Azure DataMarket subscribed by the current user as a table. | |
| Returns a table with data relating to the tables in the specified MySQL Database. | |
| Returns a table of OData feeds offered by an OData serviceUri. | |
Returns a table of SQL tables and views from the ODBC data source specified by the connection stringconnectionString. | |
| Connects to a generic provider with the given connection string and returns the result of evaluating the query. | |
| Returns the result of running a native query on an OLE DB data source. | |
| Returns a table with data relating to the tables in the specified Oracle Database. | |
| Returns a record of data frames from the RData file. | |
| Returns a table with data relating to the tables in the specified PostgreSQL Database. | |
| Connects to the Salesforce Objects API and returns the set of available objects (i.e. Accounts). | |
| Connects to the Salesforce Reports API and returns the set of available reports. | |
| Connects to the SAP BusinessObjects BI Universe at the specified URL and returns the set of available universes. | |
| Returns the InfoCubes and queries in an SAP Business Warehouse system grouped by InfoArea. | |
| Returns the packages in an SAP HANA database. | |
| 'Equals' range operator for SAP HANA input parameters. | |
| 'Greater than' range operator for SAP HANA input parameters. | |
| 'Greater than or equals' range operator for SAP HANA input parameters. | |
| 'Less than' range operator for SAP HANA input parameters. | |
| 'Less than or equals' range operator for SAP HANA input parameters. | |
| 'Not equals' range operator for SAP HANA input parameters. | |
| Returns a table containing a row for each folder and document found at the SharePoint site url. Each row contains properties of the folder or file and a link to its content. | |
| Returns a table containing a row for each document found at the SharePoint site url, and subfolders. Each row contains properties of the folder or file and a link to its content. | |
| Returns a table containing the result of a SharePoint List as an OData feed. | |
| Returns the resulting table of a CSV file that can be accessed using the SODA 2.0 API. The URL must point to a valid SODA-compliant source that ends in a .csv extension. | |
| Returns a table with references to databases located on a SQL Server instance. Returns a navigation table. | |
| Returns a table containing SQL tables located on a SQL Server instance database. | |
| Returns a table with data relating to the tables in the specified Sybase Database. | |
| Returns a table with data relating to the tables in the specified Teradata Database. | |
| Returns the contents downloaded from a web url as a binary value. | |
| Returns the contents of an HTML webpage as a table. | |
| Returns the contents of an XML document as a hierarchical table (list of records). | |
| Returns the contents of an XML document as a nested collection of flattened tables. |
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| Returns a Uri based on the combination of the base and relative parts. | |
| Returns a record value with the fields set to the parts of a Uri text value. |
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| A binary format that reads a 64-bit signed integer that was encoded using a 7-bit variable-length encoding. | |
| A binary format that reads a 64-bit unsigned integer that was encoded using a 7-bit variable-length encoding. | |
| Returns a binary format that reads a binary value. | |
| A binary format that reads an 8-bit unsigned integer. | |
| Returns a binary format with the specified byte order. | |
| Returns a binary format that chooses the next binary format based on a value that has already been read. | |
| A binary format that reads a .NET 16-byte decimal value. | |
| A binary format that reads an 8-byte IEEE double-precision floating point value. | |
| Returns a binary format that reads a group of items. Each item value is preceded by a unique key value. The result is a list of item values. | |
| Returns a binary format that limits the amount of data that can be read. Both BinaryFormat.List and BinaryFormat.Binary can be used to read until end of the data. BinaryFormat.Length can be used to limit the number of bytes that are read. | |
| Returns a binary format that reads a sequence of items and returns a list. | |
| A binary format that reads zero bytes and returns null. | |
| Returns a binary format that reads a record. Each field in the record can have a different binary format. | |
| A binary format that reads a 16-bit signed integer. | |
| A binary format that reads a 32-bit signed integer. | |
| A binary format that reads a 64-bit signed integer. | |
| A binary format that reads a 4-byte IEEE single-precision floating point value. | |
| Returns a binary format that reads a text value. The optional encoding value specifies the encoding of the text. | |
| Returns a binary format that will transform the values read by another binary format. | |
| A binary format that reads a 16-bit unsigned integer. | |
| A binary format that reads a 32-bit unsigned integer. | |
| A binary format that reads a 64-bit unsigned integer. |
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| Buffers the binary value in memory. The result of this call is a stable binary value, which means it will have a deterministic length and order of bytes. | |
| Combines a list of binaries into a single binary. | |
| Returns a binary value from the given value. | |
| Converts a list of numbers into a binary value | |
| Decodes data from a text form into binary. | |
| Returns the length of binary values. | |
| Converts a binary value into a list of numbers | |
| Encodes binary data into a text form. |
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| Converts a binary value to a list of text values split at lines breaks. | |
| Converts a text value to a list of text values split at lines breaks. | |
| Converts a list of text into a binary value using the specified encoding and lineSeparator.The specified lineSeparator is appended to each line. If not specified then the carriage return and line feed characters are used. | |
| Converts a list of text into a single text. The specified lineSeparator is appended to each line. If not specified then the carriage return and line feed characters are used. |
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| Evaluates a Text expression and returns the evaluated value. | |
| Returns a constant text literal from a value. | |
| Returns a text value that can be used as an identifier from a text value. |
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| Invokes the given function using the specified and returns the result. |
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| Returns a record containing fields “Reason”, “Message”, and “Detail” set to the provided values. The record can be used to raise or throw an error. |
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| Returns a logical value based on the equality check over the two given values. | |
| Returns a comparer function given the culture and a logical value for case sensitivity for the comparison. The default value for ignoreCase is false. The value for culture are well known text representations of locales used in the .NET framework. | |
| Returns a comparer function which uses Ordinal rules to compare values. | |
| Returns the current culture of the system. |
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| Returns a function that splits text by at any of the delimiters. | |
| Returns a function that will split text according to a delimiter. | |
| Returns a function that splits text by each delimiter in turn. | |
| Returns a function that splits text according to the specified lengths. | |
| Returns a function that splits text according to the specified positions. | |
| Returns a function that splits text according to the specified ranges. | |
| Returns a function that splits text according to whitespace. |
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| Returns a function that combines a list of text into a single text using the specified delimiter. | |
| Returns a function that combines a list of text into a single text using each specified delimiter in sequence. | |
| Returns a function that merges a list of text into a single text. | |
| Returns a function that merges a list of text into a single text. | |
| Returns a function that merges a list of text into a single text. |
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| This function be provided to List.ReplaceValue or Table.ReplaceValue to do replace of text values in list and table values respectively. | |
| This function be provided to List.ReplaceValue or Table.ReplaceValue to do replace values in list and table values respectively. |
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| Add a key to a table type. | |
| The given type must be a record type returns a closed version of the given record type (or the same type, if it is already closed) | |
| Creates a function type from the given . | |
| Returns a list type for an item type. | |
| Returns a nullable type for a type. | |
| Returns a Record type from a fields record. | |
| Constructs a table type from a row type as a record type. | |
| Returns a record with field values set to the name of the parameters of a function type, and their values set to their corresponding types. | |
| Returns a number indicating the minimum number of parameters required to invoke the a type of function. | |
| Returns a type returned by a function type. | |
| Returns true if a type is a nullable type; otherwise, false. | |
| Returns whether a record type is open. | |
| Returns an item type from a list type. | |
| Returns the non nullable type from a type. | |
| Returns an opened version of a record type, or the same type, if it is already open. | |
| Returns a record describing the fields of a record type with each field of the returned record type having a corresponding name and a value that is a record of the form [ Type = type, Opional = logical ]. | |
| Replaces the keys in a table type. | |
| Returns keys from a table type. | |
| Returns a row type from a table type. |
| Action | Description |
|---|---|
An action that performs no action when executed and returns null as its result. | |
Creates an action that performs no action when executed and returns value as its result. | |
| Creates an action that executes the sequence of elements in actions in order. | |
| Creates an action that executes action, catches any errors that occur while executing the action, and returns a record containing a HasError field and either a Value or Error field depending on whether the action executed successfully. | |
| Creates an action to delete rows from a table. | |
| Creates an action to insert rows into a table. | |
| Creates an action to update rows in a table. | |
| Creates an action to execute a statement against a target. | |
| Creates an action that replaces the content of a value with the specified value. | |
| Creates an action that, when executed, will return the results of performing an HTTP request as a binary value. | |
| Specifies the DELETE method for HTTP. | |
| Specifies the GET method for HTTP. | |
| Specifies the HEAD method for HTTP. | |
| Specifies the PATCH method for HTTP. | |
| Specifies the POST method for HTTP. | |
| Specifies the PUT method for HTTP. |
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